Residentes, conservación, desarrollo y turismo en Galápagos
Palabras clave:
impactos, percepciones, residentes, actitudes, GalápagosResumen
El turismo desde su etapa inicial genera impactos socio-ambientales en el lugar receptor y es importante analizarlos para determinar la situación en la que se encuentra un destino. En la presente investigación se analizan las percepciones de residentes frente a la actividad turística en Puerto Ayora- Galápagos, tomando en cuenta factores ambientales, económicos, socio-culturales y políticos que pueden influir en las actitudes de residentes y la potencial implicación de dichos factores en la planificación y desarrollo turístico. Encuestas dirigidas hacia los residentes fueron aplicadas con el fin de recolectar información cuantitativa, la misma que fue complementada con entrevistas semi – estructuradas dirigidas a personas que trabajan en el turismo. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que las percepciones hacia el turismo cambian significativamente en función del grado de desarrollo local y del uso de recursos turísticos por parte de los residentes. Dentro de ellos se resalta que el turismo se percibe como beneficioso principalmente cuando incrementa oportunidades de empleo y de ingresos económicos. Por otro lado, las percepciones se tornan negativas cuando los residentes están insatisfechos respecto a la planificación turística, cuando debido a los recursos obtenidos incrementa la migración, cuando por la actividad se genera contaminación y cuando los ingresos no se dividen equitativamente.
Citas
ANDERECK, K. L. & VOGT, C. A. The relationship between residents’ attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 2000, Vol. 39(1), p. 27–36. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728750003900104.
AMUQUANDOH, F. R. Residents' perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in the Lake Bosomtwe Basin, Ghana, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2010, Vol. 18(2), p. 223-238. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903298531.
AP, J. Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 1992, Vol. 19(4), p. 665–690. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3.
BUTLER, R. The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 1980, Vol. 24, p. 5–12.
CANEDAY, L. & ZEIGER, J. The social, economic and environmental costs of tourism to a gaming community as perceived by its residents. Journal of Travel Research, 1991, Vol. 30(2), p. 45–49.
DAVIS,D., ALLEN, J. & COSENZA, R. Segmenting Local Residents by their attitudes, interests, and opinions toward tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 1988, Vol. 27, p. 2-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728758802700201.
DPNG, Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos. Plan de Manejo de las Áreas Protegidas de Galápagos para el Buen Vivir/ PNG/ Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, 2014.
FAULKNER, B. & TIDESWELL, C. A framework for monitoring community impacts of tourism, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1997, Vol. 5(1), p, 3–28.
FREEMAN, R.E. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Editorial Pitman,1984.
GARDENER, M.R. & GRENIER, C. Linking Livehoods and Conservation: Challenges Facing the Galápagos Islands. New York: Editorial Springer, 2011.
GADSC, Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal de Santa Cruz. Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial del Cantón Santa Cruz 2015-2017. Quito, Ecuador, 2015.
GUIJARRO, G. PACHECO, V. & VERDESOTO, J.F. Percepciones y sostenibilidad del turismo comunitario: comunidad Shiripuno. Misahuallí – Ecuador. Antropología. Cuadernos de investigación, 2018. Vol. 19, p, 12-34. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.26807/ant.v0i19.146.
GRAHAM, J., AMOS, B., & PLUMPTRE, T. Governance principles for protected areas in the 21st century. Canadá: Editorial Institute on governance, 2003.
GRANDA, L. M. & CHOÉZ, S. G. Población y migración en Galápagos. Pp. 44-51. En: DPNG, GCREG, FCD y GC. Informe Galápagos 2011- 2012. Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador, 2013.
GURSOY, D. JUROWSKI, C. & UYSAL, M. Resident attitudes: A structural modeling approach, Annals of Tourism Research, 2002, Vol. 29, p. 79-105.
GURSOY, D. & RUTHERFORD, D.G. Host attitudes toward tourism: An improved structural model. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004 Vol. 31(3), p, 495–516. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.008.
GURSOY, D. CHI, C. G. AI, J. & CHEN, B. T. Temporal change in resident perceptions of a mega-event: The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Tourism Geographies, 2011, Vol. 13(2), p. 299–324. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2010.529935.
GURSOY, D., OUYANG, Z., NUNKOO, R. & WEI, W. Residents’ impact perceptions of and attitudes towards tourism development: a meta-analysis. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 2019, Vol. 28:3, p. 306-333. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1516589.
HILLERY, M., NANCARROW, B., GRIFFIN, G. & SYME, G. Tourist perception of environmental impact. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001, Vol. 28, p. 853–867. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00004-4.
IUCN. Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories, CNPPA y WCMC, Gland, Suiza: Editorial Cambridge, 1994.
JUROWSKI, C., UYSAL, M. & WILLIAMS, D. R. A theoretical analysis of host community resident reactions to tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 1997, Vol. 36(2), p. 3–11. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759703600202.
KUVAN, Y. & AKAN, P. Residents’ attitudes toward general forest-related impacts of tourism: The case of Belek, Antalya. Tourism Management Research, 2005, Vol. 26(5), p. 691–706.
LANKFORD, S. Attitudes and perceptions toward tourism and rural regional development. Journal of Travel Research, 1994, Vol. 24(3), p. 35–44. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728759403200306.
LANKFORD, S., WILLIAMS, A. & LANKFORD, J. Perceptions of outdoor recreation opportunities and support for tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 1997, Vol. 35(3), p. 60–65. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759703500311.
LINDBERG, K., & JOHNSON, R. L. Modeling resident attitudes toward tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 1997, Vol. 24(2), p. 402-42.
MANSFELD, Y. Group-differentiated perceptions of social impacts related to tourism development. Professional Geographer, 1992, Vol. 44(4), p. 377–392.
MCCOOL, S. F. & MARTIN, S. R. Community attachment and attitudes toward tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 1994, Vol. 32(3), p. 29–34. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759403200305.
MCCOOL, S.F. & GUTHRIE, K. Mapping the dimensions of successful public participation in messy natural resources management situations. Society and Natural Resources, 2001, Vol. 14, p. 309–323.
MCCOOL, S. F. Constructing partnerships for protected area tourism planning in an era of change and messiness, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2009, Vol. 17(2), p. 133-148. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580802495733.
MCGEHEE, N. G. & ANDERECK, K. L. Factors predicting rural residents’ support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 2004, Vol. 43(11), p. 131–140. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287504268234.
Ministerio de Turismo del Ecuador. Boletín de estadísticas turísticas. MINTUR, Quito, 2019.
MUÑOZ – BARRIGA, A. Percepciones de la gestión del turismo en dos reservas de biosfera ecuatorianas: Galápagos y Sumaco. Investigaciones Geográficas, 2017, Vol. 93, p. 110-125. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14350/rig.47805
OSPINA, P. Migraciones, actores e identidades en Galápagos. Buenos Aires: Editorial CLACSO, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales, 2001.
PERDUE, R. R., LONG, P. T. & ALLEN, L. Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 1990, Vol. 17(4), p. 586–599.
PIOVANI, J.I. La entrevista a profundidad. En: Marradi, A. Archenti, N. & J.I. Piovani. (Coords.). Manual de metodología de las Ciencias Sociales. Buenos Aires, Siglo XXI Editores, 493 pp, ISBN 978-987-629-809-4. 2018.
PIU- GUIME, M. La Reserva Marina Galápagos. Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, 2001.
PIZAM, A. & MILMAN, A. Tourists impact: The social cost of tourism. Tourism Recreational Research, 1986, Vol. 11, p. 29–32.
ROYO, M & RUÍZ, M.E. Actitud del residente hacia el turismo y el visitante: Factores determinantes en el turismo y excursionismo rural-cultura. Cuadernos de Turismo, 2009, Vol. 23, p. 217-236.
SHARMA, B. & GURSOY, D. An Examination of Changes in Residents' Perceptions of Tourism Impacts Over Time: The Impact of Residents' Sociodemographic Characteristics. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2015, Vol. 20 (12), p. 1332-1352.
VERD, J.M. Y LOZARES, C. Introducción a la investigación cualitativa. Fases, métodos y técnicas. Sintesis Editorial, 372 pp. ISBN 978-84-9077-403-8. 2016.
VIDAR HAUKELAND, J. Tourism stakeholders’ perceptions of national park management in Norway. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2011, Vol. 19 (2), p. 133-153. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.517389 .
WEAVER, D.B. & LAWTON, L.J. Residents’ perceptions in the urban-rural fringe. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001, Vol. 28, p. 439–458. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00052-9.
AMUQUANDOH, F. R. Residents' perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in the Lake Bosomtwe Basin, Ghana, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2010, Vol. 18(2), p. 223-238. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903298531.
AP, J. Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 1992, Vol. 19(4), p. 665–690. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3.
BUTLER, R. The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 1980, Vol. 24, p. 5–12.
CANEDAY, L. & ZEIGER, J. The social, economic and environmental costs of tourism to a gaming community as perceived by its residents. Journal of Travel Research, 1991, Vol. 30(2), p. 45–49.
DAVIS,D., ALLEN, J. & COSENZA, R. Segmenting Local Residents by their attitudes, interests, and opinions toward tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 1988, Vol. 27, p. 2-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728758802700201.
DPNG, Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos. Plan de Manejo de las Áreas Protegidas de Galápagos para el Buen Vivir/ PNG/ Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, 2014.
FAULKNER, B. & TIDESWELL, C. A framework for monitoring community impacts of tourism, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1997, Vol. 5(1), p, 3–28.
FREEMAN, R.E. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Editorial Pitman,1984.
GARDENER, M.R. & GRENIER, C. Linking Livehoods and Conservation: Challenges Facing the Galápagos Islands. New York: Editorial Springer, 2011.
GADSC, Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal de Santa Cruz. Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial del Cantón Santa Cruz 2015-2017. Quito, Ecuador, 2015.
GUIJARRO, G. PACHECO, V. & VERDESOTO, J.F. Percepciones y sostenibilidad del turismo comunitario: comunidad Shiripuno. Misahuallí – Ecuador. Antropología. Cuadernos de investigación, 2018. Vol. 19, p, 12-34. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.26807/ant.v0i19.146.
GRAHAM, J., AMOS, B., & PLUMPTRE, T. Governance principles for protected areas in the 21st century. Canadá: Editorial Institute on governance, 2003.
GRANDA, L. M. & CHOÉZ, S. G. Población y migración en Galápagos. Pp. 44-51. En: DPNG, GCREG, FCD y GC. Informe Galápagos 2011- 2012. Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador, 2013.
GURSOY, D. JUROWSKI, C. & UYSAL, M. Resident attitudes: A structural modeling approach, Annals of Tourism Research, 2002, Vol. 29, p. 79-105.
GURSOY, D. & RUTHERFORD, D.G. Host attitudes toward tourism: An improved structural model. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004 Vol. 31(3), p, 495–516. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.008.
GURSOY, D. CHI, C. G. AI, J. & CHEN, B. T. Temporal change in resident perceptions of a mega-event: The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Tourism Geographies, 2011, Vol. 13(2), p. 299–324. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2010.529935.
GURSOY, D., OUYANG, Z., NUNKOO, R. & WEI, W. Residents’ impact perceptions of and attitudes towards tourism development: a meta-analysis. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 2019, Vol. 28:3, p. 306-333. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1516589.
HILLERY, M., NANCARROW, B., GRIFFIN, G. & SYME, G. Tourist perception of environmental impact. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001, Vol. 28, p. 853–867. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00004-4.
IUCN. Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories, CNPPA y WCMC, Gland, Suiza: Editorial Cambridge, 1994.
JUROWSKI, C., UYSAL, M. & WILLIAMS, D. R. A theoretical analysis of host community resident reactions to tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 1997, Vol. 36(2), p. 3–11. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759703600202.
KUVAN, Y. & AKAN, P. Residents’ attitudes toward general forest-related impacts of tourism: The case of Belek, Antalya. Tourism Management Research, 2005, Vol. 26(5), p. 691–706.
LANKFORD, S. Attitudes and perceptions toward tourism and rural regional development. Journal of Travel Research, 1994, Vol. 24(3), p. 35–44. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728759403200306.
LANKFORD, S., WILLIAMS, A. & LANKFORD, J. Perceptions of outdoor recreation opportunities and support for tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 1997, Vol. 35(3), p. 60–65. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759703500311.
LINDBERG, K., & JOHNSON, R. L. Modeling resident attitudes toward tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 1997, Vol. 24(2), p. 402-42.
MANSFELD, Y. Group-differentiated perceptions of social impacts related to tourism development. Professional Geographer, 1992, Vol. 44(4), p. 377–392.
MCCOOL, S. F. & MARTIN, S. R. Community attachment and attitudes toward tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 1994, Vol. 32(3), p. 29–34. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759403200305.
MCCOOL, S.F. & GUTHRIE, K. Mapping the dimensions of successful public participation in messy natural resources management situations. Society and Natural Resources, 2001, Vol. 14, p. 309–323.
MCCOOL, S. F. Constructing partnerships for protected area tourism planning in an era of change and messiness, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2009, Vol. 17(2), p. 133-148. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580802495733.
MCGEHEE, N. G. & ANDERECK, K. L. Factors predicting rural residents’ support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 2004, Vol. 43(11), p. 131–140. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287504268234.
Ministerio de Turismo del Ecuador. Boletín de estadísticas turísticas. MINTUR, Quito, 2019.
MUÑOZ – BARRIGA, A. Percepciones de la gestión del turismo en dos reservas de biosfera ecuatorianas: Galápagos y Sumaco. Investigaciones Geográficas, 2017, Vol. 93, p. 110-125. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14350/rig.47805
OSPINA, P. Migraciones, actores e identidades en Galápagos. Buenos Aires: Editorial CLACSO, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales, 2001.
PERDUE, R. R., LONG, P. T. & ALLEN, L. Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 1990, Vol. 17(4), p. 586–599.
PIOVANI, J.I. La entrevista a profundidad. En: Marradi, A. Archenti, N. & J.I. Piovani. (Coords.). Manual de metodología de las Ciencias Sociales. Buenos Aires, Siglo XXI Editores, 493 pp, ISBN 978-987-629-809-4. 2018.
PIU- GUIME, M. La Reserva Marina Galápagos. Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, 2001.
PIZAM, A. & MILMAN, A. Tourists impact: The social cost of tourism. Tourism Recreational Research, 1986, Vol. 11, p. 29–32.
ROYO, M & RUÍZ, M.E. Actitud del residente hacia el turismo y el visitante: Factores determinantes en el turismo y excursionismo rural-cultura. Cuadernos de Turismo, 2009, Vol. 23, p. 217-236.
SHARMA, B. & GURSOY, D. An Examination of Changes in Residents' Perceptions of Tourism Impacts Over Time: The Impact of Residents' Sociodemographic Characteristics. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2015, Vol. 20 (12), p. 1332-1352.
VERD, J.M. Y LOZARES, C. Introducción a la investigación cualitativa. Fases, métodos y técnicas. Sintesis Editorial, 372 pp. ISBN 978-84-9077-403-8. 2016.
VIDAR HAUKELAND, J. Tourism stakeholders’ perceptions of national park management in Norway. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2011, Vol. 19 (2), p. 133-153. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.517389 .
WEAVER, D.B. & LAWTON, L.J. Residents’ perceptions in the urban-rural fringe. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001, Vol. 28, p. 439–458. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00052-9.
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2022-06-22
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Moya Mosquera, P. M., & Muñoz-Barriga, A. . (2022). Residentes, conservación, desarrollo y turismo en Galápagos. Revista De Geografía Norte Grande, (83). Recuperado a partir de https://revistanortegrande.uc.cl/index.php/RGNG/article/view/21117
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