Optimization of mechanical properties of cellular lightweight concrete with alkali treated banana fiber
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.20.3.491Keywords:
foamed concrete, banana fibre, mechanical properties, compressive strength, flexural strengthAbstract
Recent advancements in construction materials development have involved the utilization of plant-based natural fibers such as kenaf, sisal, coir and banana to replace conventional fibers such as carbon, steel, polypropylene and aramid. However, the main issue with using these fibers is the alkaline cement matrix's durability and compatibility due to high water absorption. Hence, this research focuses on the use of alkali treatment of banana fibers to enhance the mechanical properties of cellular lightweight concrete (CLC). Banana fibers were subjected to 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% NaOH treatment before being included in 1200 kg/m3 density CLC. Plain CLC and untreated fiber composites (0% NaOH treatment) were used as the control. Results from the study indicate that compared to the untreated fibre composites and plain control CLC at 28 days, compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths increased simultaneously with 6% NaOH fibre treatment to peaks of 40.6% and 59.8%, 63.8% and 117.4%, and 77.4% and 157.8% respectively. The 6% NaOH treatment of BF tremendously improved the mechanical characteristics of single fibers and BFRCLC composites. It is therefore concluded that 6% NaOH treatment of banana fibre was the optimum percentage alkali treatment for use in CLC.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, R., Hamid, R., & Osman, S. A. (2019). Physical and Chemical Modifications of Plant Fibres for Reinforcement in Cementitious Composites. Ad-vances in Civil Engineering, 2019.
Aini, K., Sari, M., Rahim, A., & Sani, M. (2017). Applications of Foamed Lightweight Concrete. MATEC Web of Conferences, 01097, 1–5.
Akinyemi, B. A., & Dai, C. (2020). Development of banana fibers and wood bottom ash modified cement mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 241, 118041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118041
Akinyemi, B. A., Omoniyi, E. T., & Onuzulike, G. (2020). Effect of microwave assisted alkali pretreatment and other pretreatment methods on some prop-erties of bamboo fibre reinforced cement composites. Construction and Building Materials, 245, 118405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118405
Amran, M., Fediuk, R., Vatin, N., Lee, Y. H., Murali, G., Ozbakkaloglu, T., … Alabduljabber, H. (2020). Fibre-reinforced foamed concretes: A review. Materials, 13(19), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194323
Andiç-Çakir, Ö., Sarikanat, M., Tüfekçi, H. B., Demirci, C., & Erdoǧan, Ü. H. (2014). Physical and mechanical properties of randomly oriented coir fiber-cementitious composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 61, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.01.029
ASTM C 1557-14. (2014). Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Young’s Modulus of Fibers. American Society for Testing and Material.
ASTM C348. (2020). Flexural strength of hydraulic-cement mortars. American Society for Testing and Material, 04, 1–6.
ASTM C496/ C496M-17. (2017). Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen. American Society for Testing and Material., 1–5.
Awang, H., Ahmad, M. H., & Al-Mulali, M. Z. (2015). Influence of kenaf and polypropylene fibres on mechanical and durability properties of fibre rein-forced lightweight foamed concrete. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 10(4), 496–508.
Awang, Hanizam, & Ahmad, M. H. (2014). Durability properties of foamed concrete with fiber inclusion. International Journal of Civil, Structural, Con-struction and Architectural Engineering, 8(3), 273–276.
Borchani, K. E., Carrot, C., & Jaziri, M. (2015). Untreated and alkali treated fibers from Alfa stem: effect of alkali treatment on structural, morphological and thermal features. Cellulose, 22(3), 1577–1589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0583-5
BS EN 12390-2019 Part 3. (2019). Testing hardened concrete: Compressive strength of test specimens. British Standard Institute, 4–10.
BS EN 12504-4. (2004). Non-destructive Concrete Testing. British Standard Institute, 3875, 3877.
BS EN 197-1: 2011. (2011). Cement Part 1 : Composition , specifications and conformity criteria for common cements. British Standard Institute.
Cai, M., Takagi, H., Nakagaito, A. N., Katoh, M., Ueki, T., Waterhouse, G. I. N., & Li, Y. (2015). Influence of alkali treatment on internal microstructure and tensile properties of abaca fibers. Industrial Crops and Products, 65, 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.11.048
Castillo-Lara, J. F., Flores-Johnson, E. A., Valadez-Gonzalez, A., Herrera-Franco, P. J., Carrillo, J. G., Gonzalez-Chi, P. I., & Li, Q. M. (2020). Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Foamed Concrete. Materials, 1–18.
Chandrasekar, M., Ishak, M. R., Sapuan, S. M., Leman, Z., & Jawaid, M. (2017). A review on the characterisation of natural fibres and their composites after alkali treatment and water absorption. Plastic, Rubber and Compoistes, 46(3), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14658011.2017.1298550
Harith, I. K. (2018). Study on polyurethane foamed concrete for use in structural applications. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 8(September 2017), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2017.11.005
Hashim, M. Y., Amin, A. M., Mohd, O., & Marwah, F. (2017). The effect of alkali treatment under various conditions on physical properties of kenaf fiber. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1–16.
Kavitha, S. M., Venkatesan, G., Avudaiappan, S., & Saavedra Flores, E. I. (2020). Mechanical and flexural performance of self compacting concrete with natural fiber. Revista de La Construccion, 19(2), 370–380. https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.19.2.370
Madhwani, H., Sathyan, D., & Mini, K. M. (2020). Study on durability and hardened state properties of sugarcane bagasse fiber reinforced foam concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, (xxxx), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.313
Mahzabin, M. S., Hock, L. J., Hossain, M. S., & Kang, L. S. (2018). The influence of addition of treated kenaf fibre in the production and properties of fibre reinforced foamed composite. Construction and Building Materials, 178, 518–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.169
Mohamad, N., Samad, A. A. A., Lakhiar, M. T., Mydin, M. A. O., Jusoh, S., Sofia, A., & Efendi, S. A. (2018). Effects of incorporating banana skin pow-der (BSP) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) on mechanical properties of lightweight foamed concrete. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 10(9), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2018.10.09.013
Mohd Zamzani, N., Othuman Mydin, M. A., & Abdul Ghani, A. N. (2019). Influence of caustic soda treatment on mechanical performance of ‘ cocos nucifera linn ’ fiber reinforced lightweight foam mortar. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 220(1), 012042. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/220/1/012042
Mostafa, M., & Uddin, N. (2016). Experimental analysis of Compressed Earth Block (CEB) with banana fibers resisting fl exural and compression forces. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 5, 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2016.07.001
Musa, M., Othuman Mydin, M. A., & Abdul Ghani, A. N. (2019). Effect of lye alkaline solution treatment on engineering properties of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) fiber strengthen foamed concrete. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 220, p. 012041). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/220/1/012041
Mydin, M. A. O., Mohamad, N., Samad, A. A. A., Johari, I., & Munaaim, M. A. C. (2018). Durability performance of foamed concrete strengthened with chemical treated (NaOH) coconut fiber. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2016(September). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5055511
Mydin, M. A. O., Musa, M., & Ghani, A. N. A. (2018). Fiber glass strip laminates strengthened lightweight foamed concrete: Performance index, failure modes and microscopy analysis. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2016, p. 020111). American Institute of Physics. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5055513
Mydin, M. A. O., Zamzani, N. M., & Ghani, A. N. A. (2018). Effect of alkali-activated sodium hydroxide treatment of coconut fiber on mechanical prop-erties of lightweight foamed concrete. In 3rd International Conference on Applied Science and Technology (Vol. 5055512, p. 020108). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5055510
Nensok, M. H., Mydin, A. O., & Awang, H. (2021). Investigation of Thermal, Mechanical and Transport Properties of Ultra-Lightweight Foamed Concrete ( ULFC ) Strengthened with Alkali Treated Banana Fibre. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 1(1), 17–32.
Neto, C. P., Seca, A., Fradinho, D., Coimbra, M. A., Domingues, F., Evtuguin, D., … Cavaleiro, J. A. S. (1996). Chemical composition and structural features of the macromolecular components of Hibiscus cannabinus grown in Po ... Industrial Crops and Products, 5, 169–196.
Othuman, A. M., Nabihah, M. Z., & Naser, A. G. (2020). Influence of elevated temperatures on compressive and flexural strengths of Cocos nucifera Linn. fiber strengthened lightweight foamcrete. Revista de La Construccion, 19(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.19.1.112-126
Othuman Mydin, M. A., & Mohd Zamzani, N. (2018). Coconut fiber strengthen high performance concrete: Young’s modulus, ultrasonic pulse velocity and ductility properties. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (UAE), 7(2), 284–287. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11933
Ozerkan, N. G., Ahsan, B., Mansour, S., & Iyengar, S. R. (2013). Mechanical performance and durability of treated palm fiber reinforced mortars. Interna-tional Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 2(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2014.04.002
Pacheco-Torgal, F., & Jalali, S. (2011). Cementitious building materials reinforced with vegetable fibres: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 575–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2010.07.024
Pakravan, H. R., Jamshidi, M., & Latifi, M. (2016). The effect of hybridisation and geometry of polypropylene fibers on engineered cementitious compo-sites reinforced by polyvinyl alcohol fibers. Journal of Composite Materials, 50(8), 1007–1020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315586078
Pao, Z., & Yeng, C. M. (2019). Properties and characterisation of wood plastic composites made from agro-waste materials and post-used expanded poly-ester foam. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 32(7), 951–966. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705718772877
Quiroga, A., Marzocchi, V., & Rintoul, I. (2016). Influence of wood treatments on mechanical properties of wood–cement composites and of Populus Euroamericana wood fibers. Composites Part B: Engineering, 84, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2015.08.069
Raj, A., Sathyan, D., & Mini, K. M. (2019). Physical and functional characteristics of foam concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.052
Raj, B., Sathyan, D., Madhavan, M. K., & Raj, A. (2020). Mechanical and durability properties of hybrid fiber reinforced foam concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118373
Ramli, M., Kwan, W. H., & Abas, N. F. (2013). Strength and durability of coconut-fiber-reinforced concrete in aggressive environments. Construction and Building Materials, 38, 554–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2012.09.002
Reddy, K. O., Reddy, K. R. N., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., & Rajulu, A. V. (2017). Effect of alkali treatment on the tensile properties of century fibers. Wool Textile Journal, 45(9), 48–51. https://doi.org/10.19333/j.mfkj.2016090120904
Risdanareni, P., Sulton, M., & Nastiti, S. F. (2016). Lightweight foamed concrete for prefabricated house. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1778(2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965763
Sahu, P., & Gupta, M. K. (2020). A review on the properties of natural fibres and its bio-composites: Effect of alkali treatment. Materials Design and Ap-plication, 234(1), 198–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420719875163
Sango, T., Maxime, A., Yona, C., Duchatel, L., Marin, A., Kor, M., … Lefebvre, J. (2018). Step – wise multi – scale deconstruction of banana pseudo – stem (Musa acuminata ) biomass and morpho – mechanical characterisation of extracted long fi bres for sustainable applications. Industrial Crops & Products, 122(June), 657–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.050
Shanmugasundaram, N., & Rajendran, I. (2016). Characterisation of raw and alkali-treated mulberry fibers as potential reinforcement in polymer compo-sites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 35(7), 601–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684415625822
Subagyo, A. Chafidz, A. (2018). Banana pseudo-stem fiber: preparation, characteristics, and applications. Intech, 32(1), 137–144. Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/books/trends-in-telecommunications-technologies/gps-total-electron-content-tec- prediction-at-ionosphere-layer-over-the-equatorial-region%0AInTec
Sujatha, E. R., & Selsia Devi, S. (2018). Reinforced soil blocks: Viable option for low cost building units. Construction and Building Materials, 189, 1124–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.077
Vo, L. T. T., & Navard, P. (2016). Treatments of plant biomass for cementitious building materials – A review. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.125
Yan, L., Chouw, N., Huang, L., & Kasal, B. (2016). Effect of alkali treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of coir fibres, coir fibre rein-forced-polymer composites and reinforced-cementitious composites. Construction and Building Materials, 112, 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.182
Yan, L., Kasal, B., & Huang, L. (2016). A review of recent research on the use of cellulosic fibres, their fibre fabric reinforced cementitious, geo-polymer and polymer composites in civil engineering. Composites Part B: Engineering, 92, 94–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.02.002
Yavuz Bayraktar, O., Kaplan, G., Gencel, O., Benli, A., & Sutcu, M. (2021). Physico-mechanical, durability and thermal properties of basalt fiber rein-forced foamed concrete containing waste marble powder and slag. Construction and Building Materials, 288, 123128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123128.
