Relative density influence on the liquefaction potential of sand with fines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.21.3.692Keywords:
Relative density, fines content, threshold of initial relative density, static liquefaction, undrainedAbstract
Liquefaction is a loss in soil’s resistance which can lead to disastrous and expensive consequences in terms of human lives and material damages, hence the interest of this laboratory study. The article explores the relative density influence in addition to the main parameter of the fines content on the liquefaction potential of soils. The study is based on a very large number of undrained monotonic triaxial tests undertaken on samples of reconstituted saturated sand and silt mixtures with 6 levels of initial relative density ranging from 15 to 90%. The materials used are levied from different level of deepness in the coastal region of Kharouba in the wilaya of Mostaganem. In this experiment, the sand-silt mixtures were separated to form the study samples. The aim of this work is, on one hand, to confirm and update the results of previous works (Bensoula et al., 2018) and on the other hand the study of the influence of relative density on the liquefaction potential of soils and the introduction of the concept of relative density threshold. The results of the tests confirm that the studied soil is most likely to be liquefied at a fines content between 0 and 30% depending on the equivalent intergranular voids and the equivalent relative density. These parameters are primordial for the characterization of soils sensitivity to liquefaction. In this study, the results showed that the resistance to liquefaction increases in a linear way with the relative density up to a threshold relative density value according to the fines content, which means that increasing the relative density improves the liquefaction resistance but only up to a threshold value of relative density given according to fines content.
Downloads
References
Abedi, M., & Yasrobi, S. S. (2010). Effects of plastic fines on the instability of sand. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 30(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.09.001
Baziar, M. H., Jafarian, Y., Shahnazari, H., Movahed, V., & Amin Tutunchian, M. (2011). Prediction of strain energy-based liquefaction resistance of sand-silt mixtures: An evolutionary approach. Computers and Geosciences, 37(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.04.008
Bensoula, M., Missoum, H., & Bendani, K. (2018). Liquefaction potential sand-silt mixtures under static loading. Revista de La Construccion, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.17.2.196
Boulanger, R. W., & Idriss, I. M. (2006). Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria for Silts and Clays. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(11). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1413)
Bray, J. D., & Sancio, R. B. (2006). Assessment of the Liquefaction Susceptibility of Fine-Grained Soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(9). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2006)132:9(1165)
Castro, G. (1969). Liquefaction of sands. Harvard Univ, Harvard Soil Mech Ser 81.
Chakrabortty, P., Nilay, N., & Das, A. (2021). Effect of Silt Content on Liquefaction Susceptibility of Fine Saturated River Bed Sands. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 19(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-020-00574-9
Das, A., & Chakrabortty, P. (2022). Large strain dynamic characteristics of quaternary alluvium sand with emphasis on empirical pore water pressure generation model. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 26(12). https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2021.1916605
Fourie, A. B., & Tshabalala, L. (2005). Initiation of static liquefaction and the role of K0 consolidation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42(3). https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-026
Holzer, T. L., Bennett, M. J., Ponti, D. J., & Tinsley III, J. C. (1999). Liquefaction and Soil Failure During 1994 Northridge Earthquake. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(6). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(1999)125:6(438)
Johari, A., & Khodaparast, A. R. (2014). Analytical reliability assessment of liquefaction potential based on cone penetration test results. Scientia Iranica, 21(5).
Johari, A., Khodaparast, A. R., & Javadi, A. A. (2019). An Analytical Approach to Probabilistic Modeling of Liquefaction Based on Shear Wave Velocity. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology - Transactions of Civil Engineering, 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-018-0163-7
Johari, A., Pour, J. R., & Javadi, A. (2015). Reliability analysis of static liquefaction of loose sand using the random finite element method. Engineering Computations (Swansea, Wales), 32(7). https://doi.org/10.1108/EC-07-2014-0152
Karim, M. E., & Alam, M. J. (2017). Effect of nonplastic silt content on undrained shear strength of sand–silt mixtures. International Journal of Geo-Engineering, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-017-0051-1
Kramer, S. L., & Seed, H. B. (1988). Initiation of soil liquefaction under static loading conditions. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 114(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:4(412)
Ku, C. S., Lee, D. H., & Wu, J. H. (2004). Evaluation of soil liquefaction in the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake using CPT. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.06.009
Ladd, R. S. (1974). Specimen Preparation and Liquefaction of Sands. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 100(10). https://doi.org/10.1061/ajgeb6.0000117
Lade, P. v., & Duncan, J. M. (1973). CUBICAL TRIAXIAL TESTS ON COHESIONLESS SOIL. ASCE J Soil Mech Found Div, 99(SM10). https://doi.org/10.1061/jsfeaq.0001934
Muley, P., Maheshwari, B. K., & Paul, D. K. (2012). Effect of Fines on Liquefaction Resistance of Solani Sand. 15 WCEE, 2012.
Polito, C. P., & Martin II, J. R. (2001). Effects of Nonplastic Fines on the Liquefaction Resistance of Sands. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(5). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2001)127:5(408)
Prunier, F., Laouafa, F., & Darve, F. (2009). Material stability analysis based on the local and global elasto-plastic tangent operators. Computational Geomechanics, COMGEO I - Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Computational Geomechanics.
Rahman, M. M., Lo, S. R., & Gnanendran, C. T. (2008). On equivalent granular void ratio and steady state behaviour of loose sand with fines. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45(10). https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-064
Sadrekarimi, A. (2013). Influence of fines content on liquefied strength of silty sands. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.09.008
Schofield, A., & Wroth, P. (1968). Critical state soil mechanics. In Engineering (Vol. 1).
Shenthan, T., Nashed, R., Thevanayagam, S., & Martin, G. R. (2004). Liquefaction mitigation in silty soils using composite stone columns and dynamic compaction. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02668849
Thevanayagam, S., & Mohan, S. (2000). Intergranular state variables and stress-strain behaviour of silty sands. Geotechnique, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.1.1
Thevanayagam, S., Shenthan, T., Mohan, S., & Liang, J. (2002). Undrained Fragility of Clean Sands, Silty Sands, and Sandy Silts. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 128(10). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2002)128:10(849)
Toki, S., Tatsuoka, F., Miura, S., Yoshimi, Y., Yasuda, S., & Makihara, Y. (1986). CYCLIC UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL STRENGTH OF SAND BY A COOPERATIVE TEST PROGRAM. Soils and Foundations, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.26.3_117
Vaid, Y. P., & Chern, J. C. (1983). Mechanism of deformation during cyclic undrained loading of saturated sands. International Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-7277(83)90014-1
Wang, W. (1979). Some Findings in Soil Liquefaction (Earthquake Eng). https://books.google.dz/books?id=nz7XGwAACAAJ
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Mohamed Bensoula, Mohammed Bousmaha, Hanifi Missoum
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
