Representación fotográfica de las atletas en la prensa deportiva digital española durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Río
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.51.27685Palabras clave:
mujeres, medios, deporte, fotografía, prensa deportiva, prensa digital, Juegos Olímpicos, encuadre fotográficoResumen
Este artículo estudia la representación de las imágenes femenina y masculina en la prensa deportiva digital española durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Río 2016 para desvelar si existe un encuadre visual diferenciado de género. Se analiza el contenido de 3738 noticias a través de ocho variables: género del protagonista, cantidad y tamaño de las fotografías, tipo de deporte, contenido de las imágenes, acción del protagonista, presencia de sesgos o estereotipos de género y sus tipologías. Los hallazgos muestran una infrarrepresentación en la cobertura visual del deporte femenino y su trivialización mediante un encuadre noticioso ambivalente: aunque de forma general no ofrece un contexto diferenciado de género, tiende a representar a las deportistas en mayor medida en disciplinas consideradas apropiadas en función de su sexo y de una forma pasiva. Asimismo, se ha encontrado una cierta presencia de sesgos y estereotipos de género mediante marcos de sexualización y belleza, imágenes degradantes y mayor énfasis en las emociones, en la maternidad y la vida familiar femeninas. Todo ello puede sesgar la percepción de la audiencia, que puede valorar el deporte femenino como menos relevante que el masculino.
Descargas
Citas
Ada-Lameiras, A. (2019). Análisis del Twitter de los medios deportivos en España con perspectiva de género: la invisibilización de las mujeres deportistas (Twitter analysis of sports media in Spain with a gender perspective: the invisibility of sportswomen) (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Vigo). http://hdl.handle.net/11093/1348
Alfaro, E., Bengoechea, M., & Vázquez, B. (2011). Hablamos de Deporte. En femenino y masculino (Let us talk about feminine and masculine sport). Instituto de la Mujer. https://www.inmujeres.gob.es/areasTematicas/AreaDeporte/docs/MaterialesDidacticos/HablamosDeporte.pdf
Andrew, D., Pedersen, P., & MacEvoy, C. (2011). Research Methods and Design in Sport Management. Human Kinetics.
Angelini, J. (2008). Television sports and athlete sex: Looking at the differences in watching male and female athletes. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 52(1), 16-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520701820752
Angelini, J. & Billings, A. (2010). An Agenda That Sets the Frames: Gender, Language, and NBC's Americanized Olympic Telecast. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(3), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X10368831
Barthes, R. (1977). Image, Music, Text. Fontana.
Berstein, A. & Kian, E. T. (2013). Gender and sexualities in sport media. In P. Pedersen (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Sport Communication (pp. 319–327). Routledge.
Billings, A. & Eastman, S. T. (2003). Framing identities: Gender, ethnic, and national parity in network announcing of the 2002 Winter Olympics. Journal of Communication, 53(4), 569–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02911.x
Bissell, K. & Duke, A. (2007). Bump, Set, Spike: An Analysis of Commentary and Camera Angles of Women's Beach Volleyball During the 2004 Summer Olympics. Journal of Promotion Management, 13(1-2), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.1300/J057v13n01_04
Borcila, A. (2000). Nationalizing the Olympic Around and Away from “Vulnerable” Bodies of Women: The NBC Coverage of the 1996 Olympics and Some Moments After. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 24(2), 118-147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723500242003
Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods. Oxford University Press.
Coche, R. & Tuggle, C. (2017). Men or Women, Only Five Olympic Sport Matter: A Quantitative Analysis of NBC's Prime-Time Coverage of the Rio Olympics. Electronic News, 12(4), 199-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1931243117739061
Coleman, R. (2010). Framing the pictures in our heads: Exploring the framing and agendasetting effects of visual images. In P. D’Angelo & J. Kuypers (Eds.), Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 233–262). Routledge.
Cranmer, G., Brann, M., & Bowman, N. (2014). Male Athletes, Female Aesthetics: The Continued Ambivalence Toward Female Athletes in ESPN's The Body Issue. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7(2), 145-165. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSC.2014-0021
Comité Olímpico Español. (2016). Río 2016. https://www.coe.es/juegos/
Dafferner, M., Campagna, J., & Rodgers, R. (2019). Making gains: Hypermuscularity and objectification of male and female Olympic athletes in Sports Illustrated across 60 years. Body Image, 29, 156-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.04.001
Daniels, E. & Wartena, H. (2011). Athlete or Sex Symbol: What Boys Think of Media Representations of Female Athletes. Sex Roles, 65(7-8), 566–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9959-7
Davis, K. & Tuggle, C. (2008). A Gender Analysis of NBC’s Coverage of the 2008 Summer Olympics. Electronic News, 6(2), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1931243112452261
Delorme, N. & Testard, N. (2015). Sex equity in French newspaper photographs: A content analysis of 2012 Olympic Games by L'Equipe. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(8), 757-763. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1053100
Dixon, J. E. (2008). Who took that photo? A content analysis of front page online newspaper photographs. University of Nevada.
Duncan, M. C. (1990). Sports Photographs and Sexual Difference: Images of Women and Men in the 1984 and 1988 Olympic Games. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7(1), 22-43. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.7.1.22
Eagleman, A., Burch, L., & Vooris, R. (2014). A Unified Version Of London 2012: New-Media Coverage of Gender, Nationality, and Sport For Olympics Consumers in Six Countries. Journal of Sport Management, 28(4), 457-470. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0151
Fink, J. & Kensicki, L. J. (2002). An Imperceptible Difference: Visual and Textual Constructions of Femininity in Sports Illustrated and Sports Illustrated For Women. Mass Communication and Society, 5(3), 317-339. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0503_5
Franquet, R., Luzón, V., & Ramajo, N. (2007). La información en los principales medios de comunicación online. Estudiar la representación de género (News in the Principal On-line Mass Media. Studying Gender Representation). Zer: Revista de estudios de comunicación= Komunikazio ikasketen aldizkaria, 12(22), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.3688
Greer, J., Hardin, M., & Homan, C. (2009). “Naturally” Less Exciting? Visual Production of Men's and Women's Track and Field Coverage During the 2004 Olympics. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53(2), 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150902907595
Godoy-Pressland, A. & Griggs, G. (2014). The photographic representation of female athletes in the British print media during the London 2012 Olympic Games. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 17(6), 808-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2014.882908
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis. An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
Hardin, M., Lynn, S., & Walsdorf, K. (2005). Challenge and Conformity on “Contested Terrain”: Images of Women in Four Women’s Sport/Fitness Magazines. Sex Roles, 53(1-2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-4285-6
Hardin, M., Lynn, S., Walsdorf, K., & Hardin, B. (2002). The Framing of Sexual Difference in SI for Kids Editorial photos. Mass Communication & Society, 5, 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0503_6
Hargreaves, J. & Anderson, E. (2014). Routledge Handbook of Sport, Gender and Sexuality. Routledge.
Jones, D. (2006). The representation of female athletes in online images of successive Olympic games. Pacific Journalism Review, 12(1), 108–129. https://doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v12i1.848
King, C. (2007). Media Portrayals of Male and Female Athletes. A Text and Pictures Analysis of British National Newspaper Coverage of the Olympic Games since 1948. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 42(2), 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207084751
Koivula, N. (1999). Gender stereotyping in televised media sport coverage. Sex Roles, 41(7-8), 589-604. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018899522353
Krippendorff, K. (1990). Metodología de análisis de contenido: teoría y práctica (Content Analysis. An Introduction to its Methodology). Paidós.
Las más bellas de los Juegos (The Game’s Prettiest). (2016, August 03). Marca. https://www.marca.com/juegos-olimpicos/album/2016/08/03/57a0d846e5fdeaa26b8b463d.html
Litchfield, C. & Kavanagh, E. (2019). Twitter, Team GB and the Australian Olympic Team: representations of gender in social media spaces. Sport in Society. Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 22(7), 1148-1164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2018.1504775
López-Diez, P. (2011). Deporte y mujeres en los medios de comunicación: sugerencias y recomendaciones (Sport and Women in Mass Media. Suggestions and Recommendations). Consejo Superior de Deporte. Los selfies íntimos de la deportista expulsada por un escándalo sexual (The intimate selfies of the athlete expelled by a sex scandal). (2016, August 16). Marca. https://www.marca.com/juegos-olimpicos/album/2016/08/15/57b223e2468aebaf348b45d6.html
Lynn, S., Hardin, M., & Walsdorf, K. (2004). Selling(out) the Sporting Woman: Advertising Images in Four Athletic magazines. Journal of Sport Management, 18(4), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.18.4.335
Marca (2016, August 12). Maialen Chourraut, una mamá a contracorriente (Maialen Chourraut, a mother against the tide). Marca. https://www.marca.com/juegos-olimpicos/2016/08/11/57acbc2a468aebc5158b45a7.html
McCombs, M. (2006). Estableciendo la agenda. El impacto de los medios en la opinión pública y en el conocimiento (Setting the Agenda: The News Media and Public Opinion). Paidós Comunicación. Milica Dabovic, la deportista de Río que calienta Instagram (Milica Dabovic, the athlete from Rio who heats Instagram). (2016, August 09). Mundo Deportivo. https://www.mundodeportivo.com/vaya-mundo/20160809/403801515161/milicdabovic-basquet-serbio-rio-fotos.html
Mulvey, L. (1999). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. In L. Braudy & M. Cohen (Eds.), Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings (pp. 833-844). Oxford UP. Mundo Deportivo (2016, October 8). Mamá, no te saltes una puerta (Mum, don’t miss a door). Mundo Deportivo. https://www.mundodeportivo.com/juegosolimpicos/20160812/403867315378/mama-no-te-saltes-una-puerta.html
Muñoz-Muñoz, A. M. & Salido-Fernández, J. (2018). Tratamiento informativo de las esposas y novias (WAG'S) de los deportistas en la prensa digital deportiva española (Informative treatment of sportsmen's wives and girlfriends (WAGs) in Spanish sport digital press). El Profesional de la Información, 27(2), 331-340. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.mar.11
Musto, M., Cooky, C., & Messner, M. (2017). “From Fizzle to Sizzle!” Televised Sports News and the Production of Gender-Bland Sexism. Gender & Society, 31(5), 573-596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243217726056
Pedersen, P. M. (2002). Examining Equity in Newspaper Photographs: A Content Analysis of the Print Media Photographic Coverage of Interscholastic Athletics. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37(3-4), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690202037004895
Perrino-Peña, M. & Pascual Fibla, S. (2019). Análisis de noticias de deportistas femeninas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río 2016 en la prensa digital (Analysis of News of Female Athletes at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games in the Digital Press). Revista Española de Educación Física y Deportes, (426), 145-153. https://www.reefd.es/index.php/reefd/article/view/773
Reese, S. (2001). Framing Public Life: A Bridging Model for Media Research. In S. Reese, O. Gandy & A. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 7–31). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Riffle, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2005). Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Rose, G. (2016). Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. SAGE. Sanz-Garrido, B. (2015). Las mujeres deportistas en la prensa: los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012 (Sportswomen in the Press: the London 2012 Olympics). Editorial UOC.
Salido-Fernández, J. & Muñoz-Muñoz, A. M. (2021a). Representación mediática de las deportistas en los Juegos Olímpicos: una revisión sistemática (Media Representation of Women Athletes at the Olympic Games: A Systematic Review). Apunts. Educación física y deportes, 146, 32-41. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2021/4).146.04
Salido-Fernández, J. & Muñoz-Muñoz, A. M. (2021b). Men's and Women's Basketball Coverage in the Spanish Digital Press During the 2016 Rio Olympics. Journalism Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.2004199
Smith, L. R. & Bissell, K. (2014). Nice Dig! An analysis of the verbal and visual coverage of men's and women's beach volleyball during the 2008 Olympic Games. Communication & Sport, 2(1), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479512467771
Strinati, D. (2000). An introduction to studying popular culture. Routledge.
Tankard, J. (2001). The empirical approach to the study of media framing. In S. Reese, O. Gandy, & A. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 7–31). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Trailblazing Tokyo looking ahead with dazzling innovation. (2020, July 23). International Olympic Committee. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/trailblazing-tokyo-looking-aheadwith-dazzling-innovation
Tuchman, G. (1978). Introduction: The symbolic annihilation of women by the mass media. In G. Tuchman, A. Daniels, & J. Benet (Eds.), Hearth and Home: Images of Women in the Mass Media (pp. 3–38). Oxford University Press.
Ramón-Vegas, X. (2012). La cobertura deportiva y el principio deontológico de la justicia. Revisión de la literatura sobre las representaciones mediáticas de género, nacionalidad, raza y discapacidad en los Juegos Olímpicos (Sports Coverage and the Deontological Principle of Justice. Review of the Literature on Media Representations of Gender, Nationality, Race, and Disability in the Olympic Games). In Proceedings of the IV Congreso Internacional Latina de Comunicación Social, Universidad de La Laguna. http://www.revistalatinacs.org/12SLCS/2012_actas.html
Vincent, J. (2004). Game, Sex, and Match: The Construction of Gender in British Newspaper Coverage of the 2000 Wimbledon Championship. Sociology of Sport Journal, 21(4), 435-456. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.4.435
Wasike, B. (2017). Jocks versus jockettes: An analysis of the visual portrayal of male and female cover models on sports magazines. Journalism, 21(10), 1432-1449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917716818
Weber, J. & Carini, R. (2013). Where are the Female Athletes in Sports Illustrated? A Content Analysis of Covers (2000–2011). International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(2), 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690211434230
Wimmer, R. & Dominick, J. (2011). Mass Media Research. An Introduction. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Zelizer, B. (2005). Journalism Through the Camera’s Eye. In S. Allan (Ed.), Journalism: Critical Issues (pp. 167-176). Open University Press.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Ana M Muñoz-Muñoz, Juana Salido-Fernández
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0.
