Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete surface treated by variation in mixing approaches
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.20.2.236Keywords:
recycled coarse aggregate, recycled aggregate concrete, mixing approach, adhered mortar, processing techniquesAbstract
Increased demand for natural aggregates (NA) due to infrastructural development has necessitated the use of alternative aggregates in the field of construction. One such option is the utilization of construction and demolition wastes, preferably named as recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) to produce a sustainable recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Perhaps, the quality of RCA is usually poor due to the presence of adhered mortar on its surface affecting the strength and durability properties of RAC. Consequently, it is essential to improve the behavior of recycled aggregate concrete. In order to improve the recycled concrete aggregate, four different processing techniques such as two-stage mixing approach (TSMA), mortar mixing approach (MMA), sand enveloped mixing approach (SEMA) and double mixing approach (DMA) were used to improve the quality of RAC. This paper aims at providing a comparative study on the suitability of different mixing approaches and their influence over the fresh and hardened properties of recycled aggregate concrete. The performance behaviour of RAC was evaluated at 7, 14, 28 and 90 days with various percentage replacements of RCA at w/c ratios of 0.45 and 0.5. Experimental results indicate that the strength of concrete made of 100% RCA was equivalent to the target strength at 90 days. Also, among the various mixing processing techniques, MMA shows better fresh and hardened properties of concrete at different curing ages. Micro-structural investigations through SEM were performed to investigate the modification in the ITZ of the RAC through MMA approach.
Downloads
References
ASTM (American Standards). Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression. ASTM C469: 2014. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM (American Standards). Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39: 2020. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM (American Standards). Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete. ASTM C293: 2016. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM (American Standards). Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete. ASTM C143: 2015. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Abdulla, N.A. (2015). Effect of recycled coarse aggregate type on concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(10), 04014273.
Abrahams, M., & Rakesh, R. (2018). Manufacturing concrete with high compressive strength using recycled aggregates. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30(8), 04018182.
Akbarnezhad, A., Ong, K.C.G., Tam, C.T., & Zhang, M.H. (2013). Effects of the Parent Concrete Properties and Crushing Procedure on the Properties of Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregates. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(12), 1795-1802.
Alexander, M. G. (1996). The effects of ageing on the interfacial zone in concrete, Interfacial transition zone in concrete: state-of-the-art report. RILEM Technical report, 11, 150-174.
Andal, J., Snehata, M., & Zacarias, P. (2016). Properties of concrete containing recycled concrete aggregate of preserved quality. Construction and Building Materials, 125, 842-855.
BS (British Standards). Standards for constituent materials in concrete. BS 8500: 2015. BSI Standards Limited.
Cement Sustainability Initiative, World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), Geneva, 2020.
De Juan, M. S., & Gutiérrez, P. A. (2009). Study on the influence of attached mortar content on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 872–877.
Etxeberria, M., Vázquez, E., Marí, A., & Barra, M. (2007). Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 37(5), 735-742.
Hansen, T. C., & Narud, H. (1983). Strength of recycled concrete made from crushed concrete coarse aggregate. International Concrete Abstracts Portal, 5(1), 79-83.
Ho, N.Y., Yang, P.K.L., Wee, F.L., Tarek, Z., Keat, C.C., Giau, L.L., & Seng, K.T. (2013). Efficient Utilization of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Structural Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(3), 318-327.
Huda, S. B., & Alam, M.S. (2014). Hardened behavior of three generations of 100% repeated recycled coarse aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 65, 574-582.
IS (Indian Standards). 2009. Guidelines for concrete mix design. IS 10262: 2009. Bureau of Indian Standards, India: CED.
IS (Indian Standards). 1989. Methods for test for aggregates for concrete. IS 2386: 1989. Bureau of Indian Standards, India: CED.
Jalilifar, H., Sajedi, F., & Toosi, V. R. (2020). Evaluating the durability of recycled concrete made of coarse recycled aggregate concrete containing silica-fume and natural zeolite. Revista de la Construcción. Journal of Construction, 19(3), 457-473
Jia, W., Baoyuan, L., Songshan, X., & Zhongwei, W. (1986). Improvement of paste-aggregate interface by adding silica fume, In Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, 3, 460-465. Rio de Janeiro.
Katz, A. (2004). Treatments for the improvement of recycled aggregate. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 16(6), 597-603.
Keru, W., & Jianhua, Z. (1988). The influence of the matrix-aggregate bond on the strength and brittleness of concrete, bonding in Cementitious Composites. Materials Research Society, 114, 29-34.
Kong, De., Ting, Lei., Zheng, J., Chengchang, M., Jiang, Jun., & Jing, J. (2010). Effect and mechanism of surface-coating pozzolanic materials around aggregate on properties and ITZ microstructure of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and building materials, 24, 701-708.
Kou, S.C., Poon, C. S., & Chan, D. (2007). Influence of fly ash as cement replacement on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19(9), 709-717.
Li, G., Xie, H., and Xiong, G. (2001). Transition zone studies of new-to-old concrete with different binders. Cement and Concrete Composites, 23(4), 381-387.
Liang, Y. C., Ye, Z. M., Vernerey, F., & Xi, Y. (2015). Development of processing methods to improve strength of concrete with 100% recycled coarse aggregate. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(5), 04014163.
Matias, D., Brito, J., Rosa, A., & Pedro, D. (2013). Hardened Properties of concrete produced with recycled coarse aggregates– Influence of the use of super plasticizers. Construction and Building Materials, 44, 101–109.
Mehta, P. K., & Aitcin, P. C. (1990). Micro-structural basis of selection of materials and mix proportions for high strength concrete. International Concrete Abstracts Portal, 121, 265-279.
Neville, A.M. (2003). Properties of Concrete. 5th ed. Pearson Education Limited, England.
Olorunsogo, F.T. (2015). Early age properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, 67(5), 645-655.
Ozbakkaloglu, T., Gholampour, A., and Xie, T. (2018). Hardened and Durability Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: Effect of Recycled Aggregate Properties and Content. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30(2), 04017275.
Popovics, S. 1987. Attempts to improve the bond between cement paste and aggregate. Materials and Structures, 20, 32-38.
Rao, M. C., Bhattacharyya, S. K., and Sudhirkumar, B. (2011). Influence of field recycled coarse aggregate on properties of concrete. Materials and Structures, 44, 205-220.
Revathi, P., Amirthavalli, R.R., & Lavanya, K. (2014). Influence of Treatment Methods on the Strength and Performance Characteristics of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(5), 04014168.
Santos, R., Branco, F.A., & Brito, J. Compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and drying shrinkage of concrete with coarse recycled concrete. In Proceedings of International Association for Housing Science (IAHS) World Congress on Housing., 1685–1691. Miami, Florida.
Saravanakumar, P., Abhiram, K., & Manoj, B. (2016). Properties of treated recycled aggregates and its influence on concrete strength characteristics. Construction and Building Materials, 111, 611-617.
Saravanakumar, P., & Dhinakaran, G. (2012). Strength Characteristics of High-Volume Fly Ash–Based Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(8), 1127-1133.
Sarhat, S.R., & Edward, G.S. (2013). Residual Hardened Response of Recycled Aggregate Concrete after Exposure to Elevated Temperatures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(11), 1721-1730.
Tam, V. W., Gao, X. F., & Tam, C. M. (2005). Micro-structural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete produced from two-stage mixing approach. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1195–1203.
Tam, V.W.Y., & Tam, C.M. (2008). Diversifying two-stage mixing approach (TSMA) for recycled aggregate concrete: TSMAs and TSMAsc. Construction and building Materials, 22(10), 2068-2077.
Tam, V.W.Y., Gao, X.F., & Tam, C.M. (2015). Comparing performance of modified two-stage mixing approach for producing recycled aggregate concrete. Magazine of concrete research, 58(7), 477-484.
Tam, V.W.Y., Gao, X.F., & Tam, C.M. (2005). Micro structural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete produced from two stage mixing approach. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1195-1203.
Tavakoli, M., & Soroushian, P. (1996). Drying shrinkage behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. Concrete International, 18(11), 58–61.
Tu, T.Y., Chen, Y.Y., & Hwang, C.L. (2006). Properties of HPC with recycled aggregates. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(5), 943–950.
UEPG - European Aggregates Association (2015). Annual Review 2014-2015. Belgium.
Uniyal, S., & Vanitha, A. (2014). Two-stage mixing approach (TSMA) versus Normal mixing approach (NMA) for concrete in terms of Compressive strength and Carbonation depth. International Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 2(5), 721-725.
Vivian, W.Y.T., Soomro, M., & Evangelista, A.C.J. (2018). A review of recycled aggregate in concrete applications (2000–2017). Construction and Building materials, 172, 272-292.
Li, W., Xiao, J., Sun, Z., Kawashima, S., & Surendra, P. S. (2012). Interfacial transition zones in recycled aggregate concrete with different mixing approaches. Construction and Building Materials, 35, 1045-1055.
Xueqan, W., Dongxu, L., Qinghan, B., Liqun, G., & Mingshu, T. (1987). Preliminary study of a composite process in concrete manufacture. Cement and Concrete Research, 17(5), 709-714.
