Durability of concrete exposed to combined freeze-thaw, sulfate, and acid attacks after two years

Authors

  • Harun Tanyildizi Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Firat University, Elazığ (Turkiye)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.22.1.102

Keywords:

Concrete, freeze-thaw cycles, sulfate attack

Abstract

This study investigated the frost resistance of concrete exposed to sulfate and acid attacks after two years. The cement content was selected as 300 kg/m3, 350 kg/m3, 400 kg/m3, 450 kg/m3, and 500 kg/m3 in this study. 100 mm cubic specimens were prepared for experiments. After the specimens were cured in the water at 20 ± 2 °C for 28 days, they were kept in the laboratory conditions at 20 ± 2 °C for 23 months+2 days. Then, these samples were subjected to freeze-thaw cycles after being exposed to 5% sodium sulfate, 5% magnesium sulfate, 1% sulfuric acid, and 2% sulfuric acid for four days. Thus, the samples were exposed to the four different combined attacks. Lastly, the mechanical properties, weight change, and relative dynamic modulus of elasticity of these specimens were determined. Furthermore, the SEM and EDS analyses were carried out on samples. This study found that the highest compressive strength, the highest ultrasonic pulse velocity, and the lowest weight loss were the samples with 500 kg/m3 cement content subjected to combined freeze-thaw and 1% acid attack.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Akyuncu, Veysel, Mucteba Uysal, Harun Tanyildizi, and Mansur Sumer. 2019. “Modeling the Weight and Length Changes of the Concrete Exposed to Sulfate Using Artificial Neural Network.” Revista de La Construccion 17(3):337–53. doi: 10.7764/RDLC.17.3.337.

Aygörmez, Yurdakul. 2021. “Performance of Ambient and Freezing-Thawing Cured Metazeolite and Slag Based Geopolymer Composites against Elevated Temperatures.” Revista de La Construcción. Journal of Construction 20(1):145–62. doi: 10.7764/RDLC.20.1.145.

Beddoe, Robin E., and Horst W. Dorner. 2005. “Modelling Acid Attack on Concrete: Part I. The Essential Mechanisms.” Cement and Concrete Research 35(12):2333–39. doi: 10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2005.04.002.

Bingöl, Şinasi, Cahit Bilim, Cengiz Duran Atiş, Uğur Durak, Serhan İlkentapar, and Okan Karahan. 2020. “An Investigation of Resistance of Sodium Meta Silicate Activated Slag Mortar to Acidic and Basic Mediums.” Revista de La Construcción. Journal of Construction 19(1):127–33. doi: 10.7764/RDLC.19.1.127-133.

Duran, A., I. Navarro-Blasco, J. M. Fernández, and J. I. Alvarez. 2014. “Long-Term Mechanical Resistance and Durability of Air Lime Mortars with Large Additions of Nanosilica.” Construction and Building Materials 58:147–58. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2014.02.030.

Ghrici, M., S. Kenai, and E. Meziane. 2006. “Mechanical and Durability Properties of Cement Mortar with Algerian Natural Pozzolana.” Journal of Materials Science 2006 41:21 41(21):6965–72. doi: 10.1007/S10853-006-0227-0.

Grabiec, Anna M. 1999. “Contribution to the Knowledge of Melamine Superplasticizer Effect on Some Characteristics of Concrete after Long Periods of Hardening.” Cement and Concrete Research 29(5):699–704. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00024-1.

Hou, Dongshuai, Zongjin Li, Tiejun Zhao, and Peng Zhang. 2014. “Water Transport in the Nano-Pore of the Calcium Silicate Phase: Reactivity, Structure and Dynamics.” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17(2):1411–23. doi: 10.1039/C4CP04137B.

Hou, Dongshuai, Hongyan Ma, Zongjin Li, and Zuquan Jin. 2014. “Molecular Simulation of ‘Hydrolytic Weakening’: A Case Study on Silica.” Acta Materialia 80:264–77. doi: 10.1016/J.ACTAMAT.2014.07.059.

Huang, Qian, Chong Wang, Changhui Yang, Limin Zhou, and Jiqiang Yin. 2015. “Accelerated Sulfate Attack on Mortars Using Electrical Pulse.” Construction and Building Materials 95:875–81. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2015.07.034.

International, ASTM. 2008. “ASTM C666 / C666M - 03(2008). Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing.”

Jiang, Lei, Ditao Niu, Lidong Yuan, and Qiannan Fei. 2015. “Durability of Concrete under Sulfate Attack Exposed to Freeze–Thaw Cycles.” Cold Regions Science and Technology 112:112–17. doi: 10.1016/J.COLDREGIONS.2014.12.006.

Joorabchian, Seyed M. 2010. “Durability of Concrete Exposed to Sulfuric Acid Attack.” Ryerson University, Toronto.

Kawai, K., S. Yamaji, and T. Shinmi. 2005. “Concrete Deterioration Caused by Sulfuric Acid Attack.” Durability of Building Materials (April):5–9.

Kilic, Ismail, and Saadet Gokce Gok. 2021. “Strength and Durability of Roller Compacted Concrete with Different Types and Addition Rates of Polypropylene Fibers.” Revista de La Construcción. Journal of Construction 20(2):205–14. doi: 10.7764/RDLC.20.2.205.

Kosior-Kazberuk, Marta, and Piotr Berkowski. 2017. “Surface Scaling Resistance of Concrete Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Sustained Load.” Procedia Engineering 172:513–20. doi: 10.1016/J.PROENG.2017.02.060.

Kumar, P. Mehta. 1991. “Durability of Concrete-Fifty Years of Progress?” Pp. 1–31 in American Concrete Institute, ACI Special Publication. Vol. SP-126.

Kumar, Rahul, Manvendra Verma, and Nirendra Dev. 2022. “Investigation on the Effect of Seawater Condition, Sulphate Attack, Acid Attack, Freeze–Thaw Condition, and Wetting–Drying on the Geopolymer Concrete.” Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering 46(4):2823–53. doi: 10.1007/s40996-021-00767-9.

Leiva, Carlos, Celia Arenas, Luis F. Vilches, Fatima Arroyo, and Yolanda Luna-Galiano. 2019. “Assessing Durability Properties of Noise Barriers Made of Concrete Incorporating Bottom Ash as Aggregates.” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 23(12):1485–96. doi: 10.1080/19648189.2017.1355852.

Li, Gen Feng, and Xiang Dong Shen. 2019. “A Study of the Durability of Aeolian Sand Powder Concrete Under the Coupling Effects of Freeze–Thaw and Dry–Wet Conditions.” JOM 71(6):1962–74. doi: 10.1007/s11837-019-03440-9.

Li, Guoyu, Qihao Yu, Wei Ma, Zhaoyu Chen, Yanhu Mu, Lei Guo, and Fei Wang. 2016. “Freeze–Thaw Properties and Long-Term Thermal Stability of the Unprotected Tower Foundation Soils in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai–Tibet Power Transmission Line.” Cold Regions Science and Technology 121:258–74. doi: 10.1016/J.COLDREGIONS.2015.05.004.

Li, Yang, Ruijun Wang, Shouyi Li, Yun Zhao, and Yuan Qin. 2018. “Resistance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Low- and High-Volume Fly Ash against the Combined Action of Freeze–Thaw Cycles and Sulfate Attack.” Construction and Building Materials 166:23–34. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2018.01.084.

Li, Zongjin, Christopher Leung, and Yunping Xi. 2009. Structural Renovation in Concrete. CRC Press.

Liu, Lin, Xuecheng Wang, Jian Zhou, Hongqiang Chu, Dejian Shen, Huisu Chen, and Sainan Qin. 2018. “Investigation of Pore Structure and Mechanical Property of Cement Paste Subjected to the Coupled Action of Freezing/Thawing and Calcium Leaching.” Cement and Concrete Research 109:133–46. doi: 10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2018.04.015.

Lotfy, Abdurrahmaan, Khandaker M. A. Hossain, and Mohamed Lachemi. 2016. “Durability Properties of Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concrete Developed with Three Types of Aggregates.” Construction and Building Materials 106:43–54. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2015.12.118.

Ma, Hongyan. 2013. “Multi-Scale Modeling of the Microstructure and Transport Properties of Contemporary Concrete.” Doctoral Dissertation (February):328.

Ma, Hongyan, Zongjin Li, Hongyan Ma, and Zongjin Li. 2013. “ Full Text PDF Realistic Pore Structure of Portland Cement Paste: Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation.” Computers and Concrete 11(4):317. doi: 10.12989/CAC.2013.11.4.317.

Mahmoud, J., S. Reyes, E. Monteagudo, Bernal Camacho, Mahmoud Abdelkader, Reyes Pozo, and Monteagudo Viera. 2013. “The Influence of Sulfuric Environments on Concretes Elaborated with Sulfate Resistant Cements and Mineral Admixtures. Part 2: Concrete Exposed to Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4).” Revista de La Construcción. Journal of Construction 12(3):37–48.

Marchand, J., Ivan Odler, and Jan P. Skalny. 2001. Sulfate Attack on Concrete. CRC Press.

Marcos-Meson, V., G. Fischer, C. Edvardsen, T. L. Skovhus, and A. Michel. 2019. “Durability of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) Exposed to Acid Attack – A Literature Review.” Construction and Building Materials 200:490–501. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2018.12.051.

Marczewska, Julia, and Wojciech Piasta. 2018. “The Impact of Air Content on the Durability of Concrete under Combined Sulphate and Freezethaw Attack.” MATEC Web of Conferences 163:5002. doi: 10.1051/MATECCONF/201816305002.

Miao, Changwen, Ru Mu, Qian Tian, and Wei Sun. 2002. “Effect of Sulfate Solution on the Frost Resistance of Concrete with and without Steel Fiber Reinforcement.” Cement and Concrete Research 32(1):31–34. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00624-X.

Mohr, P., W. Hansen, E. Jensen, and I. Pane. 2000. “Transport Properties of Concrete Pavements with Excellent Long-Term in-Service Performance.” Cement and Concrete Research 30(12):1903–10. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00452-X.

Mohseni, Ehsan, Waiching Tang, and Hongzhi Cui. 2017. “Chloride Diffusion and Acid Resistance of Concrete Containing Zeolite and Tuff as Partial Replacements of Cement and Sand.” Materials 10(4):372. doi: 10.3390/ma10040372.

Mu, Ru, Changwen Miao, Jiaping Liu, and Wei Sun. 2001. “Effect of NaCl and Na2SO4 Solution on the Frost Resistance of Concrete and Its Mechanism.” Kuei Suan Jen Hsueh Pao/ Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society 29(6):523–29.

Nehdi, M. L., and M. T. Bassuoni. 2008. “Durability of Self-Consolidating Concrete to Combined Effects of Sulphate Attack and Frost Action.” Materials and Structures 41(10):1657–79. doi: 10.1617/s11527-008-9356-z.

Niu, Di Tao, You De Wang, Rui Ma, Jia Bin Wang, and Shan Hua Xu. 2015. “Experiment Study on the Failure Mechanism of Dry-Mix Shotcrete under the Combined Actions of Sulfate Attack and Drying–Wetting Cycles.” Construction and Building Materials 81:74–80. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2015.02.007.

Niu, Ditao, Lei Jiang, and Qiannan Fei. 2013. “Deterioration Mechanism of Sulfate Attack on Concrete under Freeze-Thaw Cycles.” Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 28(6):1172–76. doi: 10.1007/s11595-013-0839-6.

Omran, Ahmed F., D. Morin Etienne, David Harbec, and Arezki Tagnit-Hamou. 2017. “Long-Term Performance of Glass-Powder Concrete in Large-Scale Field Applications.” Construction and Building Materials 135:43–58. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2016.12.218.

Omrane, Mohammed, Said Kenai, El Hadj Kadri, and Abdelkarim Aït-Mokhtar. 2017. “Performance and Durability of Self Compacting Concrete Using Recycled Concrete Aggregates and Natural Pozzolan.” Journal of Cleaner Production 165:415–30. doi: 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.07.139.

Özbay, Erdoǧan, Okan Karahan, Mohamed Lachemi, Khandaker M. A. Hossain, and Cengiz Duran Atis. 2013. “Dual Effectiveness of Freezing–Thawing and Sulfate Attack on High-Volume Slag-Incorporated ECC.” Composites Part B: Engineering 45(1):1384–90. doi: 10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2012.07.038.

Piasta, Wojciech, Julia Marczewska, and Monika Jaworska. 2015. “Durability of Air Entrained Cement Mortars Under Combined Sulphate and Freeze-Thaw Attack.” Procedia Engineering 108:55–62. doi: 10.1016/J.PROENG.2015.06.119.

Powers, T. 1967. “Highway Research Board Bulletin.” Transportation Research 1(2):199. doi: 10.1016/0041-1647(67)90186-4.

Rahman, M. M., and M. T. Bassuoni. 2014. “Thaumasite Sulfate Attack on Concrete: Mechanisms, Influential Factors and Mitigation.” Construction and Building Materials 73:652–62. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2014.09.034.

Su, Anshuang, Tiefeng Chen, Xiaojian Gao, Qiyan Li, and Ling Qin. 2022. “Effect of Carbonation Curing on Durability of Cement Mortar Incorporating Carbonated Fly Ash Subjected to Freeze-Thaw and Sulfate Attack.” Construction and Building Materials 341:127920. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2022.127920.

Sun, Peijiang, and Hwai Chung Wu. 2013. “Chemical and Freeze–Thaw Resistance of Fly Ash-Based Inorganic Mortars.” Fuel 111:740–45. doi: 10.1016/J.FUEL.2013.04.070.

Sun, Wei, Ru Mu, Xin Luo, and Changwen Miao. 2002. “Effect of Chloride Salt, Freeze–Thaw Cycling and Externally Applied Load on the Performance of the Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 32(12):1859–64. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00769-X.

Tanyildizi, H. 2016. “The Investigation of Microstructure and Strength Properties of Lightweight Mortar Containing Mineral Admixtures Exposed to Sulfate Attack.” Measurement 77:143–54. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2015.09.002.

Tanyildizi, H. 2018. “Long-Term Performance of the Healed Mortar with Polymer Containing Phosphazene after Exposed to Sulfate Attack.” Construction and Building Materials 167:473–81. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.054.

Tanyildizi, H. 2019. “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Phosphazene Mortar Exposed to Sulfate Attack.” ACI Materials Journal 116(4). doi: 10.14359/51716818.

TANYILDIZI, Harun. 2018. “Long-Term Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Phosphazene Concrete Exposed to Freeze-Thaw.” Construction and Building Materials 187:1121–29. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.068.

Tanyildizi, Harun, and Murat Şahin. 2017. “Taguchi Optimization Approach for the Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete Strengthening with Polymer after High Temperature.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 55(2):529–34. doi: 10.1007/s00158-016-1517-z.

Tanyildizi, Harun, Abdulkadir Şengür, Yaman Akbulut, and Murat Şahin. 2020. “Deep Learning Model for Estimating the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Silica Fume Exposed to High Temperatures.” Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 14(6):1316–30. doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0646-z.

TSE CEN/TR 15177. 2012. Testing the Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Concrete - Internal Structural Damage.

Wang, Jiabin, and Ditao Niu. 2016. “Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles and Sulfate Corrosion Resistance on Shotcrete with and without Steel Fiber.” Construction and Building Materials 122:628–36. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2016.06.100.

Wang, Xiaomeng, and Michal Petrů. 2019. “Mode I Fracture Evaluation of CFRP-to-Concrete Interfaces Subject to Aggressive Environments Agents: Freeze-Thaw Cycles, Acid and Alkaline Solution.” Composites Part B: Engineering 168:581–88. doi: 10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2019.03.068.

Won, Jong Pil, Chang Il Jang, Sang Woo Lee, Su Jin Lee, and Heung Youl Kim. 2010. “Long-Term Performance of Recycled PET Fibre-Reinforced Cement Composites.” Construction and Building Materials 24(5):660–65. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2009.11.003.

Xia, Dongtao, Shiting Yu, Jiali Yu, Chenlu Feng, Biao Li, Zhi Zheng, and Hao Wu. 2023. “Damage Characteristics of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete under the Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Compound-Salt Attack.” Case Studies in Construction Materials 18:e01814. doi: 10.1016/J.CSCM.2022.E01814.

Xiao, Qian Hui, Qiang Li, Zhi Yuan Cao, and Wei Yu Tian. 2019. “The Deterioration Law of Recycled Concrete under the Combined Effects of Freeze-Thaw and Sulfate Attack.” Construction and Building Materials 200:344–55. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2018.12.066.

Yu, Hongfa, Wei Sun, Yunsheng Zhang, Liping Guo, and Meidan Li. 2008. “Durability of Concrete Subjected to the Combined Actions of Flexural Stress, Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Bittern Solutions.” Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 23(6):893–900. doi: 10.1007/s11595-007-6893-1.

Yu, Xiao-Tong, Da Chen, Jia-Rui Feng, Yan Zhang, and Ying-Di Liao. 2018. “Behavior of Mortar Exposed to Different Exposure Conditions of Sulfate Attack.” Ocean Engineering 157:1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.03.017.

Zhang, Dongsheng, Mingjie Mao, Shangrong Zhang, and Qiuning Yang. 2019. “Influence of Stress Damage and High Temperature on the Freeze–Thaw Resistance of Concrete with Fly Ash as Fine Aggregate.” Construction and Building Materials 229:116845. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2019.116845.

Zhang, Jinrui, Ming Sun, Dongshuai Hou, and Zongjin Li. 2017. “External Sulfate Attack to Reinforced Concrete under Drying-Wetting Cycles and Loading Condition: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation by Ultrasonic Array Method.” Construction and Building Materials 139:365–73. doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2017.02.064.

Zhu, Hongguang, Jingchong Fan, Cheng Yi, Hongqiang Ma, Hongyu Chen, Jing Shi, and Xiaonan Xu. 2021. “Characterization of Freeze-Thaw Resistance of New-to-Old Concrete Based on the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method.” Journal of Testing and Evaluation 49(1):270–83. doi: 10.1520/JTE20190639.

Downloads

Published

2023-04-30 — Updated on 2024-04-05

Versions

How to Cite

Tanyildizi, H. (2024). Durability of concrete exposed to combined freeze-thaw, sulfate, and acid attacks after two years. Revista De La Construcción. Journal of Construction, 22(1), 102–121. https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.22.1.102 (Original work published April 30, 2023)

Issue

Vol. 22 No. 1 (2023): Revista de la Construcción. Journal of Construction

Section

Research article

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Harun Tanyildizi

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.